tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81617968968376769272024-03-12T21:49:55.801-07:00kesharengiAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-59444462027677683472016-02-02T00:31:00.000-08:002016-02-02T00:31:09.343-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"> Automatic Power Factor Correction Panels(APFC)</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> Automatic capacitor Control Panel(ACCP)</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">WHY WE USE APFC ?</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">non linear load like solenoid , induction motor ,florescent lamp , arc welder ,dry transformer can cause poor power factor so electricity bord give penalty to consumer. we need to connect capacitor bank according to load and improve power factor upto .99, it save electricity and money both.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> we select capacitor as 1,2,3,4,5,10,12.5,15,20,25 kvar range .</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-22215067934727241942016-01-30T23:10:00.000-08:002016-01-30T23:10:50.641-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #fff2cc; color: #3d85c6; font-size: x-large;">STAR DELTA STARTER</span></b></h4>
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Working Principle of Star-Delta Starter</h2>
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This is the reduced voltage starting method. Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by physically reconfiguring the motor windings as illustrated in the figure below. During starting the motor windings are connected in star configuration and this reduces the voltage across each winding 3. This also reduces the torque by a factor of three.</div>
<figure class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_24069" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 330px; word-spacing: 1px;"><img alt="Scheme - Working Principle of Star-Delta Starter" class="size-full wp-image-24069" height="147" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/working-principle-star-delta-starter.gif" style="border: 0px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top;" title="Scheme - Working Principle of Star-Delta Starter" width="330" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" style="color: #8f8f8f; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; height: auto; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 5px; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 2px 2px 1px;">Scheme – Working Principle of Star-Delta Starter</figcaption></figure><br style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;" /><div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
After a period of time the winding are reconfigured as delta and the <span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong><a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/electrical-software/motor-starting-calculation" style="color: #218cb5; display: inline-block; outline: none; position: relative; text-decoration: none;" title="Motor Starting Calculation - MS Excel Spreadsheet">motor</a></strong></span> runs normally. Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in an attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the disturbances and interference on the electrical supply.</div>
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There are two contactors that are close during run, often referred to as the main contractor and the delta contactor. These are AC3 rated at 58% of the current rating of the motor. The third contactor is the star contactor and that only carries star current while the motor is connected in star.</div>
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The current in star is one third of the current in delta, so this contactor can be AC3 rated at one third (33%) of the motor rating.</div>
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Power Circuit of Star Delta Starter</h2>
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Control Circuit of Star-Delta Starter</h2>
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WHEN PUSH BUTTON FOR START IS PRESS POWER FLOW START FROM TIMER COIL KT ,STAR COIL KM1,SO STAR CONTECTOR &AUX CONTACTOR IN CHANGE FROM NO TO NC .</div>
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NOW TIMER RUNNING AND CURRENT FLOW IN MAIN COIL KM3 FROM STAR AUX CONTACT.SO MAIN AUX CONTACT COME INTO NC FORM .SO IF WE RELEASE ON PUSH BUTTON POWER FLOW FROM KM3 LATCH CIRCUIT.</div>
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AFTER SOME TIME STAR CONTACTOR DEENERGIZE DUE OPEN OFF TIMER CONTACTOR AND DELTA CONTECTOR ENRGIZE SO POWER FLOW THROUGH KM2 & KM3 ONLY.</div>
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IF WE PUSH STOP THAN POWER FLOW TO MOTOR STOP .</div>
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<strong>The rating of Overload (In Line) = FLC of Motor.</strong></div>
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<strong>The setting of Overload Relay (In Winding) =0.58 X FLC (line current).</strong></div>
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<strong>Size of Star Contactor= IFL x 0.33</strong></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.</li>
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Advantages of Star-Delta starter</h2>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It is relatively cheap compared to other reduced voltage methods.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Good Torque/Current Performance.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It draws 2 times starting current of the full load ampere of the motor connected</li>
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Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter</h2>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Break In Supply – Possible Transients</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It provides only 33% starting torque and if the load connected to the subject motor requires higher starting torque at the time of starting than very heavy transients and stresses are produced while changing from star to delta connections, and because of these transients and stresses many electrical and mechanical break-down occurs.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In this method of starting initially motor is connected in star and then after change over the motor is connected in delta. The delta of motor is formed in starter and not on motor terminals.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>High transmission and current peaks:</strong> When starting up pumps and fans for example, the load torque is low at the beginning of the start and increases with the square of the speed. When reaching approx. 80-85 % of the motor rated speed the load torque is equal to the motor torque and the acceleration ceases. To reach the rated speed, a switch over to delta position is necessary, and this will very often result in high transmission and current peaks. In some cases the current peak can reach a value that is even bigger than for a D.O.L start.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Applications with a load torque higher than 50 % of the motor rated torque will not be able to start using the start-delta starter.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Low Starting Torque:</strong> The star-delta (wye-delta) starting method controls whether the lead connections from the motor are configured in a star or delta electrical connection. The initial connection should be in the star pattern that results in a reduction of the line voltage by a factor of 1/√3 (57.7%) to the motor and the current is reduced to 1/3 of the current at full voltage, but the starting torque is also reduced 1/3 to 1/5 of the DOL starting torque.<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /><span style="border: 0px; color: #f9f9f9; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The transition from star to delta transition usually occurs once nominal speed is reached, but is sometimes performed as low as 50% of nominal speed which make transient Sparks.</li>
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Features of star-delta starting</h2>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For low- to high-power three-phase motors.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduced starting current</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Six connection cables</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduced starting torque</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Current peak on changeover from star to delta</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta</li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<br style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></div>
<h2 style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17) !important; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 33px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
Application of Star-Delta Starter</h2>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
The star-delta method is usually only applied to<strong> low to medium voltage and light starting Torque </strong>motors.</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
The received starting current is about <strong>30 %</strong> of the starting current during direct on line start and the starting torque is reduced to about <strong>25 %</strong> of the torque available at a D.O.L start. This starting method only works when the application is light loaded during the start.</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to speed before switching over to the delta position.</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div>
<strong><br /></strong></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-35859370093614886692016-01-28T08:19:00.000-08:002016-01-28T08:19:11.462-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
DOL: DIRECT ON LINE STARTER<br />
<br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Different starting methods are employed for starting induction motors because Induction Motor draws more starting current during starting. To prevent damage to the windings due to the high starting current flow, we employ different types of starters.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The simplest form of motor starter for the induction motor is the <strong>D</strong>irect <strong>O</strong>n <strong>L</strong>ine starter. The DOL starter consist a MCCB or Circuit Breaker, Contactor and an overload relay for protection. Electromagnetic contactor which can be opened by the thermal overload relay under fault conditions.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and stop buttons, and an auxiliary contact on the contactor is used, across the start button, as a hold in contact. I.e. the contactor is electrically latched closed while the motor is operating.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">
<span style="color: maroon;"><strong>Principle of DOL:</strong></span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;"><ul style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="color: #555555; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="color: black;">To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The motor will draw a very high inrush current for a very short time, the magnetic field in the iron, and then the current will be limited to the Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will develop Locked Rotor Torque and begin to accelerate towards full speed.</span></li>
<li style="color: #555555; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">As the motor accelerates, the current will begin to drop, but will not drop significantly until the motor is at a high speed, typically about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting current curve is a function of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor load.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b style="color: maroon;">Advantages of DOL Starter:</b></span></li>
</ul>
<ol style="color: #555555; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Most Economical and Cheapest Starter</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Simple to establish, operate and maintain</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Simple Control Circuitry</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Easy to understand and trouble‐shoot.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">It provides 100% torque at the time of starting.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Only one set of cable is required from starter to motor.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Motor is connected in delta at motor terminals.</span></li>
</ol>
<li><h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: maroon;"><strong><span style="font-size: small;"> Disadvantages <strong>of DOL Starte</strong>r:</span></strong></span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy-C13NnS2v8ejBDVNE9RtTsmho2m_RB3EgfFoXETz5Utw4vk8y8gtG4O2WXSKpuDjWcAePDU-r1_dnBMMRvg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
</li>
<ol style="color: #555555; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"> <span style="color: black;">It does not reduce the starting current of the motor.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>High Starting Current:</strong> Very High Starting Current (Typically 6 to 8 times the FLC of the motor).</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Mechanically Harsh:</strong> Thermal Stress on the motor, thereby reducing its life.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage Dip:</strong> There is a big voltage dip in the electrical installation because of high in-rush current affecting other customers connected to the same lines and therefore not suitable for higher size squirrel cage motors</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong>High starting Torque:</strong> Unnecessary high starting torque, even when not required by the load, thereby increased mechanical stress on the mechanical systems such as rotor shaft, bearings, gearbox, coupling, chain drive, connected equipments, etc. leading to premature failure and plant downtimes<strong>.</strong></span></li>
</ol>
<li><b>SO WE USE IT FOR BELOW 10KW LOAD MOTOR.</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-60466085978761668672016-01-27T08:07:00.000-08:002016-01-27T08:07:25.894-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: red;">Double-conversion systems</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">As the name suggests, these devices convert power twice. First, an input rectifier converts AC power into
DC and feeds it to an output inverter. The output inverter then processes the power back to AC before
sending it on to IT equipment. This double-conversion process isolates critical loads from raw utility power
completely, ensuring that IT equipment receives only clean, reliable electricity.
In normal operation, a double-conversion UPS continually processes power twice. If the AC input supply
falls out of predefined limits, however, the input rectifier shuts off and the output inverter begins drawing
power from the battery instead. The UPS continues to utilize battery power until the AC input returns to
normal tolerances or the battery runs out of power, whichever occurs sooner. In case of a severe overload
of the inverter, or a failure of the rectifier or inverter, the static switch bypass path is turned on quickly, to
support </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSXPlo0ElpjKITGvagNX-12o1DAio_4WFgSzJUojpVeRTADDla7mkWcOp2q2Y-xvrbqSYEktR8M4XnUugqaQgB5CpbfYXvSrvzIP-YUb0pUgi0ZXIXbLFWOnWCkW_4YwX7B4fbOaO7WI0/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcSXPlo0ElpjKITGvagNX-12o1DAio_4WFgSzJUojpVeRTADDla7mkWcOp2q2Y-xvrbqSYEktR8M4XnUugqaQgB5CpbfYXvSrvzIP-YUb0pUgi0ZXIXbLFWOnWCkW_4YwX7B4fbOaO7WI0/s320/download.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">the output loads. </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: red;">Multi-mode systems</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">These combine features of both single- and double-conversion technologies while providing substantial
improvements in both efficiency and reliability:
• Under normal conditions, the system operates in line-interactive mode, saving energy and money
while also keeping voltage within safe tolerances and resolving common anomalies found in utility
power.
• If AC input power falls outside of preset tolerances for line-interactive mode, the system
automatically switches to double-conversion mode, completely isolating IT equipment from the
incoming AC source.
• If AC input power falls outside the tolerances of the double-conversion rectifier, or goes out
altogether, the UPS uses the battery to keep supported loads up and running. When the generator
comes online, the UPS switches to double-conversion mode until input power stabilizes. Then it
transitions back to high-efficiency line-interactive mode</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOoHmw6dRpAnxQ9e2_WVlC6k7Y8cTpgPqZULzo_hceO965c24hOGmVyj9uyfAdku3uZTW7jJJIgs832X2_p2nzaz9Ot1uTuLZSnhXLosNdZqArx0KGg2gShRhalGUZbTi7bWN2pgYJsLS/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiOoHmw6dRpAnxQ9e2_WVlC6k7Y8cTpgPqZULzo_hceO965c24hOGmVyj9uyfAdku3uZTW7jJJIgs832X2_p2nzaz9Ot1uTuLZSnhXLosNdZqArx0KGg2gShRhalGUZbTi7bWN2pgYJsLS/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-5895014791989927132016-01-27T08:01:00.000-08:002016-01-27T08:01:59.075-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">UPS: Uninterrupted Power System</span></h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">What is a UPS? </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
UPS is a device that:
1. Provides backup power when utility power fails, either long enough for critical equipment to shut down
gracefully so that no data is lost, or long enough to keep required loads operational until a generator comes
online.
2. Conditions incoming power so that all-too-common sags and surges don’t damage sensitive electronic
gear. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">What are the main types of UPS?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
UPSs come in three major varieties, which are also known as topologies:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1)<span style="color: lime;">Single-conversion systems</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"> In normal operation, these feed incoming utility AC power to IT equipment. If the AC input supply falls out of
predefined limits, the UPS utilizes its inverter to draw current from the battery, and also disconnects the AC
input supply to prevent backfeed from the inverter to the utility. The UPS stays on battery power until the AC
input returns to normal tolerances or the battery runs out of power, whichever happens first. Two of the
most popular single-conversion designs are standby and line-interactive</span>:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOABw1AthC2JQicZaJXwW209IV7Z6seo38juP-x5Bh5anjFr6v8YAyLmjVTDTNzzdPo4ve1P2cFlMEohzgv5gd8HuixM9SQtG-umcDB46eQ5dLMV-Dp5CovJVyDaticULvQ1Wfcex7-BWp/s1600/download.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOABw1AthC2JQicZaJXwW209IV7Z6seo38juP-x5Bh5anjFr6v8YAyLmjVTDTNzzdPo4ve1P2cFlMEohzgv5gd8HuixM9SQtG-umcDB46eQ5dLMV-Dp5CovJVyDaticULvQ1Wfcex7-BWp/s400/download.png" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14494862255182744393noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8161796896837676927.post-62136743258439618822016-01-26T04:46:00.000-08:002016-01-26T04:46:26.378-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKI4N6xXHQZh6IfFCmesn866VvvkS49UY8eFyNCntOvJyycwIPzG7C-pqG6VG31bJUppWk-zJsy4GG8d7o2fC4yB8swhRpXbJn9JyOkDLDnhNdwcfc9qYasH4-sGgETHcIYz56Ck5LwMWQ/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKI4N6xXHQZh6IfFCmesn866VvvkS49UY8eFyNCntOvJyycwIPzG7C-pqG6VG31bJUppWk-zJsy4GG8d7o2fC4yB8swhRpXbJn9JyOkDLDnhNdwcfc9qYasH4-sGgETHcIYz56Ck5LwMWQ/s1600/download.jpg" /></a>MCCB<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKyfa87YOqqcOk2UMMCLyIt81PzWfCk7iKX2oiMZ1ZfnTN3fE7_v0dRuIphAjJ1FEtvmH5k8LAh-Wo9lf4L60Cf0hUfUaObTgCJhR5SRKRbs_QBtDeUIjd3AD9hAg9deF5xOAMeLWeBVeG/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKyfa87YOqqcOk2UMMCLyIt81PzWfCk7iKX2oiMZ1ZfnTN3fE7_v0dRuIphAjJ1FEtvmH5k8LAh-Wo9lf4L60Cf0hUfUaObTgCJhR5SRKRbs_QBtDeUIjd3AD9hAg9deF5xOAMeLWeBVeG/s200/download+%25281%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a> MCB</h2>
<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; text-align: justify;">MCB:</span></h2>
<div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">MCB stands for “Miniature Circuit Breaker”.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Rated current under 100 amps.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Interrupting rating of under 18,000 amps</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">trip characteristics may not be adjusted</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Suitable for low current circuits (low energy requirement), i.e. <a href="http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/12/three-phase-electrical-wiring.html" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: blue; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">home wiring</a>.</li>
<li style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Generally, used where normal current is less than 100 Amps.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">MCCB:</span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">MCBB stands for “Molded Case Circuit Breaker”.</li>
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Rated current in the range of 10-2500 amps.</li>
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Thermal operated for overload and & Magnetic operation for instant trip in SC (Short circuit conditions)</li>
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Interrupting rating can be around 10k – 200k amps.</li>
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Suitable for high power rating and high energy i.e. commercial and industrial use.</li>
<li style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: disc outside none; margin: 0px 0px 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Generally, used where normal current is more than 100 Amps.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span id="difference_between_ics_icu_in_term_of_circuit_breakers" style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14pt; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Difference between I<sub style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CS</sub> & I<sub style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CU</sub> in term of Circuit Breakers.</span></strong></span></h3>
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I<sub style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CS </sub>= Service Braking Capacity (means, Circuit breaker can remove the fault, but it may not be usable afterwards.)</div>
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I<sub style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">CU</sub> = Ultimate Braking Capacity (means, Circuit breaker can remove the fault and remain usable)</div>
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